中英双语 | 秋平：深化经济体制改革、发挥牵引作用的主要任务
深化经济体制改革、发挥牵引作用的主要任务
The Major Tasks in Deepening Economic Reform and Utilizing Its Leading Role
秋平
Qiu Ping
构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制。
We must build a high-standard socialist market economy
高水平社会主义市场经济体制是中国式现代化的重要保障。
A high-standard socialist market economy will act as an important guarantee for Chinese modernization.
要充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，更好发挥政府作用，坚持和完善社会主义基本经济制度，更好发挥市场机制作用，创造更加公平、更有活力的市场环境，实现资源配置效率最优化和效益最大化，既“放得活”又“管得住”，激发全社会内生动力和创新活力。
We must ensure that the market plays the decisive role in resource allocation and that the government better fulfills its role.
We need to uphold and improve China’s basic socialist economic system, better leverage the role of the market, foster a fairer and more dynamic market environment, and make resource allocation as efficient and productive as possible.
We must lift restrictions on the market while ensuring effective regulation, so as to unleash the internal driving forces and creativity of the whole of society.
要坚持和落实“两个毫不动摇”，深化国资国企改革，推动国有资本和国有企业做强做优做大，增强核心功能，提升核心竞争力，开展国有经济增加值核算；为非公有制经济发展营造良好环境、提供更多机会，制定民营经济促进法，完善民营企业参与国家重大项目建设长效机制，支持有能力的民营企业牵头承担国家重大技术攻关任务。
We must deepen reform of state capital and SOEs; help state capital and SOEs become stronger, do better, and grow bigger, with their core functions and core competitiveness enhanced; and introduce value-added accounting in the state-owned sector.
We need to foster a favorable environment and create more opportunities for the development of the non-public sector. We must formulate a private sector promotion law, improve the long-term mechanism whereby private enterprises participate in major national projects, and give assistance to capable private enterprises to take part in leading national initiatives aimed at making breakthroughs in major technologies.
要完善中国特色现代企业制度，弘扬企业家精神，支持和引导各类企业提高资源要素利用效率和经营管理水平、履行社会责任，加快建设更多世界一流企业。要构建全国统一大市场，包括构建城乡统一的建设用地市场，培育全国一体化技术和数据市场，健全一体衔接的流通规则和标准。要培育完整内需体系，建立政府投资支持基础性、公益性、长远性重大项目建设长效机制，完善扩大消费长效机制，减少限制性措施，合理增加公共消费。
We need to refine the modern corporate system with Chinese features and promote entrepreneurship; support and guide enterprises of all types as they work to use resources and production factors more efficiently, improve their operation and management, and fulfill their social responsibilities; and strive to quickly foster a greater number of world-class enterprises.
We must build a unified national market, including developing a unified market for urban and rural land designated for construction, fostering an integrated national market for technology and data, and refining the integrated framework of distribution rules and standards.
We must step up efforts to develop a complete domestic demand system, including setting up long-term government investment mechanisms to support the development of major projects that are of fundamental and far-reaching importance and serve the public interest, as well as refine long-term mechanisms for expanding consumption, while reducing relevant restrictions and boosting public spending as necessary.
要完善市场经济基础制度，包括完善产权保护、信息披露、市场准入、破产退出、信用监管等制度。
We also need to refine the systems underpinning the market economy, including improving the protection of property rights, market information disclosure system, market access system, bankruptcy and market exit systems, and social credit and oversight systems.
健全推动经济高质量发展体制机制。
We must promote high-quality economic development
高质量发展是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的首要任务。
High-quality development is a foremost task in building a modern socialist country.
要健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制，健全传统产业优化升级体制机制，完善战略性产业发展政策和治理体系，建立未来产业投入增长机制，加快形成同新质生产力更相适应的生产关系，促进各类先进生产要素向发展新质生产力集聚，大幅提升全要素生产率。
We need to improve institutions and mechanisms for fostering new quality productive forces in line with local conditions. This includes refining institutions and mechanisms for the optimization and upgrading of traditional industries, enhancing the policy and governance systems for promoting the development of strategic industries, and establishing a mechanism for ensuring funding increases for industries of the future.
It also includes accelerating the formation of relations of production that are more compatible with new quality productive forces and channeling various types of advanced production factors toward the development of new quality productive forces, in order to increase total-factor productivity significantly.
要健全促进实体经济和数字经济深度融合制度，完善促进数字产业化和产业数字化政策体系，建立保持制造业合理比重投入机制，健全平台经济常态化监管制度。
We must improve the systems to promote full integration between the real economy and the digital economy. This entails improving the policy system for developing the digital industry and transforming traditional industries with digital technologies, putting in place a funding mechanism to ensure that the share of manufacturing in the national economy remains at a desirable level, and improving the system for routine regulation of the platform economy.
要完善发展服务业体制机制，完善支持服务业发展政策体系，推进生产性服务业融合发展，健全加快生活性服务业多样化发展机制。
We need to refine the institutions and mechanisms for developing the service sector, including refining the policy system for supporting the development of the service sector, promoting the integration of producer services, and improving the mechanisms for accelerating the diversified development of consumer services.
要统筹发展和安全，建设国家战略腹地和关键产业备份，健全提升产业链供应链韧性和安全水平制度，这是有效应对遏制打压、脱钩断链，确保安全发展的必然要求。
It is also necessary to balance the relationship between development and security. To this end, we must develop China’s strategic hinterland and formulate backup plans for key industries and improve the systems for bolstering the resilience and security of industrial and supply chains. This is an inevitable requirement to respond effectively to containment and suppression as well as decoupling and delinking and to ensure safe development.
构建支持全面创新体制机制。
We must support all-around innovation
科技是第一生产力，人才是第一资源，创新是第一动力。
Science and technology (S&T) are our foremost productive forces, talent is our primary resource, and innovation is our principal driver of growth.
要努力形成“高质量教育、高素质人才、高水平科技自立自强”三方面相互促进、相辅相成的良性互动。
We must strive to create a virtuous cycle between high-quality education, talent, and S&T.
深化教育综合改革方面，要紧扣培养担当民族复兴大任的时代新人，着眼拔尖创新人才培养，统筹推进育人方式、办学模式、管理体制、保障机制改革，建立科技发展、国家战略需求牵引的学科设置调整机制和人才培养模式，着力加强创新能力培养，探索逐步扩大免费教育范围。
Regarding deepening comprehensive reform in education, we must focus on fostering a new generation of young people to shoulder the mission of realizing national rejuvenation, enhance our ability to nurture top-tier innovative talent, and advance coordinated reforms in student training methods, school operation models, management systems, and support mechanisms.
We must develop mechanisms for adjusting the configuration of disciplines and foster talent training models to meet the needs of China’s scientific and technological development and national strategies, strive to cultivate innovative capacity, and explore ways to gradually expand free education.
深化科技体制改革方面，要坚持“四个面向”的战略导向，改进科技计划管理，强化基础研究领域、交叉前沿领域、重点领域前瞻性、引领性布局，强化企业科技创新主体地位，加强企业主导的产学研深度融合，允许科研类事业单位实行比一般事业单位更灵活的管理制度，探索实行企业化管理，允许科技人员在科技成果转化收益分配上有更大自主权，深化职务科技成果赋权改革。
In terms of deepening reform of the science and technology management system, with our sights on the global frontiers of science and technology, the development of the economy, the major needs of the country, and the health and safety of our people, we must improve the management of science and technology plans to ensure that they are forward-looking and play a guiding role in basic research, interdisciplinary frontier areas, and key fields.
We must reinforce the principal role of enterprises in innovation, strengthen enterprise-led collaboration between industries, universities, and research institutes, and allow public institutions engaged in scientific research to implement a more flexible management system as compared to general public institutions, so that they can explore approaches to instituting corporate management.
We must also give scientists and engineers a greater say in the distribution of gains from the transfer of their scientific and technological advances and deepen reforms to grant researchers corresponding rights over scientific and technological outputs.
深化人才发展体制机制改革方面，要实施更加积极、更加开放、更加有效的人才政策，加快建设国家战略人才力量，完善青年创新人才发现、选拔、培养机制，强化人才激励机制，坚持向用人主体授权、为人才松绑，完善海外引进人才支持保障机制，探索建立高技术人才移民制度。
Regarding deepening institutional reforms for talent development, we must make our policies on talent more proactive, open, and effective. We need to step up efforts to build a contingent of personnel with expertise of strategic importance, enhance the mechanisms for identifying, selecting, and training young innovators, and refine incentive mechanisms for talent, giving greater influence to employers and creating a more accommodating environment for talent development.
We must also improve support mechanisms for recruiting talent from overseas and explore avenues for establishing an immigration system for highly skilled personnel.
健全宏观经济治理体系。
We must improve macroeconomic governance
科学的宏观调控、有效的政府治理是发挥社会主义市场经济体制优势的内在要求。
Sound macro regulation, along with effective governance by the government, is essential for ensuring that we can fully leverage the institutional strengths of our socialist market economy.
深化财税体制改革方面，要完善中央和地方财政关系，增加地方自主财力，拓展地方税源，提升市县财力同事权相匹配程度，适当加强中央事权、提高中央财政支出比例，不得违规要求地方安排配套资金。
In terms of deepening reform of the fiscal and tax systems, we must improve the relationship between central and local governments, place more fiscal resources at the disposal of local governments by expanding sources of tax revenue at the local level, and ensure that the fiscal resources of prefecture- and county-level governments are commensurate with their administrative powers.
The central government must hold more fiscal powers as appropriate and raise the proportion of central government expenditure accordingly, while no requirements for supporting funds from local governments in violation of regulations shall be made.
深化金融体制改革方面，要积极发展科技金融、绿色金融、普惠金融、养老金融、数字金融，健全投资和融资相协调的资本市场功能，完善金融监管体系，强化开放条件下金融安全机制。
Regarding reform of the financial system, we must actively develop technology finance, green finance, inclusive finance, pension finance, and digital finance. We need to improve the functions of the capital market to give balanced weight to investment and financing, improve the financial regulatory system, and strengthen financial security mechanisms as we open our doors wider to the outside world.
完善实施区域协调发展战略机制方面，要构建优势互补的区域经济布局和国土空间体系，健全主体功能区制度体系，完善区域一体化发展机制，构建跨行政区合作发展新机制，完善促进海洋经济发展体制机制。
To improve mechanisms for implementing the coordinated regional development strategy, we must develop a regional economic layout and a territorial space system characterized by complementarity between different regions and territorial spaces and refine the system for functional zoning.
We must improve integrated regional development mechanisms, introduce new mechanisms for cooperative development across administrative divisions, and enhance institutions and mechanisms for promoting the marine economy.
经过改革开放40多年快速发展，中国社会财富不断积累，存量经济特征更为明显，要优化各类增量资源配置和存量结构调整，探索实行国家宏观资产负债表管理。
Following more than four decades of rapid development in China under the policy of reform and opening up, the prosperity of our society has grown and our economy has utilized idle and existing resources, but we must improve the allocation of newly acquired resources while adjusting the mix of existing resources as well as explore the introduction of national macro balance sheet management.
完善城乡融合发展体制机制。
We must promote integrated urban-rural development
城乡融合发展是中国式现代化的必然要求，是满足人民对美好生活向往、促进共同富裕的内在要求。
Integrated urban and rural development is essential to Chinese modernization. It is also an inherent requirement for realizing people’s aspirations for a better life and promoting common prosperity.
健全推进新型城镇化体制机制方面，要构建产业升级、人口集聚、城镇发展良性互动机制，推行由常住地登记户口提供基本公共服务制度，加快农业转移人口市民化。
With regard to improving the institutions and mechanisms for advancing new urbanization, we must put in place mechanisms to foster positive interactions between the processes of industrial upgrading, population concentration, and urban development. We must implement systems for allowing people to obtain household registration and access basic public services in their place of permanent residence. The process of granting permanent urban residency to people moving from rural to urban areas must also be accelerated.
同时，要保障进城落户农民合法土地权益，依法维护进城落户农民的土地承包权、宅基地使用权、集体收益分配权。
Moreover, we need to protect the lawful land rights and interests of former rural residents who now hold permanent urban residency and protect, in accordance with the law, their rights to contract rural land, to use their rural residential plot, and to share in the proceeds from rural collective undertakings.
巩固和完善农村基本经营制度方面，要有序推进第二轮土地承包到期后再延长30年试点，深化承包地“三权分置”改革。
In terms of consolidating and improving the basic rural operation system, we need to move forward with well-organized trials to extend rural land contracts by another 30 years upon the expiration of second-round contracts and deepen the reform to separate ownership rights, contract rights, and management rights of contracted land.
完善强农惠农富农支持制度方面，要完善乡村振兴投入机制，完善覆盖农村人口的常态化防止返贫致贫机制，建立农村低收入人口和欠发达地区分层分类帮扶制度，健全推动乡村全面振兴长效机制，统筹建立粮食产销区省际横向利益补偿机制，在主产区利益补偿上迈出实质步伐。
Regarding improving supporting systems to strengthen agriculture, benefit rural residents, and enrich rural areas, we must improve the investment mechanisms for rural revitalization, refine the regular mechanisms for preventing rural residents from relapsing into poverty, and establish a system of multi-tiered and categorized support for low-income rural residents and underdeveloped areas.
We need to improve long-term mechanisms for promoting all-around rural revitalization and coordinate efforts to establish an inter-provincial mechanism for major grain-purchasing areas to compensate major grain-producing areas, so as to make substantive headway in incentivizing the latter.
深化土地制度改革方面，要改革完善耕地占补平衡制度，完善高标准农田建设、验收、管护机制，优化土地管理，推动土地混合开发利用、用途合理转换，盘活存量土地和低效用地，制定工商业用地使用权延期和到期后续期政策。
In order to deepen reform of the land system, we must reform and refine the system for offsetting cultivated land that has been put to other uses; improve the mechanisms for developing, verifying, managing, and protecting high-standard cropland; and optimize land management.
We need to promote mixed land development and use and allow for changes in land use purposes when appropriate, ensuring that idle and inefficiently used land can be put to better use. We need to formulate policies for extending land use rights for industrial and commercial purposes and for renewing them upon expiration.
完善高水平对外开放体制机制。
We must pursue high-standard opening up
开放是中国式现代化的鲜明标识，必须坚持对外开放基本国策，在扩大国际合作中提升开放能力，建设更高水平开放型经济新体制。
Opening up is a defining feature of Chinese modernization. We must remain committed to the basic state policy of opening to the outside world, increase our capacity for opening up while expanding international cooperation, and develop new institutions for a higher-standard open economy.
要深化外商投资和对外投资管理体制改革，落实全面取消制造业领域外资准入限制措施，推动电信、互联网、教育、文化、医疗等领域有序扩大开放，完善境外人员入境居住、医疗、支付等生活便利制度，更大力度吸引和利用外资。
We must further reform the management systems for inward and outward investment, remove all market access restrictions in the manufacturing sector, and open up sectors such as telecommunications, the internet, education, culture, and medical services further in a well-conceived manner. We need to improve relevant measures to make it more convenient for people from outside the mainland to live, access medical services, and make payments on the mainland, as well as strive to attract and utilize foreign investment.
要优化区域开放布局，加快形成陆海内外联动、东西双向互济的全面开放格局，打造形态多样的开放高地。
We need to optimize the layout for regional opening up, including accelerating all-around opening up with links running eastward and westward, across land, and over sea, in order to develop a diverse array of pacesetters for opening up.
要完善推进高质量共建“一带一路”机制，统筹推进重大标志性工程和“小而美”民生项目。
We must improve the mechanisms for high-quality cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative, including coordinated efforts to advance both major signature projects and “small but effective” public welfare projects.
健全保障和改善民生制度体系。
We must ensure and improve the people’s wellbeing
在发展中保障和改善民生是中国式现代化的重大任务。
Ensuring and enhancing the people’s wellbeing in the course of development is one of the key tasks of Chinese modernization.
完善收入分配制度方面，要构建初次分配、再分配、第三次分配协调配套的制度体系，形成有效增加低收入群体收入、稳步扩大中等收入群体规模、合理调节过高收入的制度体系，努力形成中间大、两头小的橄榄型分配结构，逐步实现共同富裕。
In order to improve the income distribution system, we must build an institutional framework under which primary distribution, redistribution, and tertiary distribution are well coordinated and mutually complementary, as well as put systems in place to boost the incomes of low-income earners, steadily expanding the size of the middle-income group, and properly regulating excessive incomes, thereby creating a distribution pattern of predominantly middle-income earners that gradually leads to common prosperity.
完善就业优先政策方面，要健全高质量充分就业促进机制，健全终身职业技能培训制度，统筹城乡就业政策体系，完善促进机会公平制度机制。
With regard to improving the employment-first policy, we must develop sound mechanisms for promoting high-quality and full employment, enhance the system of lifelong vocational skills training, coordinate urban and rural employment policies, and refine the mechanisms for promoting equal opportunities.
健全社会保障体系方面，要健全灵活就业人员、农民工、新就业形态人员社保制度，完善社保关系转移接续政策，加大保障性住房建设和供给，加快构建房地产发展新模式。
In terms of improving the social security system, we need to build a sound social security system to serve people in flexible employment, rural migrant workers, and those in new forms of employment, improve policies for transferring social security accounts, step up the construction and supply of government-subsidized housing, and quickly establish a new development model for the real estate sector.
深化医药卫生体制改革方面，要健全公共卫生体系，促进医疗、医保、医药协同发展和治理，深化以公益性为导向的公立医院改革，引导规范民营医院发展。
Regarding implementing further reforms to the medical and healthcare systems, we must improve the public health system, support coordinated development and governance of medical services, medical insurance and pharmaceuticals, deepen the reform of public hospitals to make them better serve the public interest, and guide and better regulate the development of private hospitals.
健全人口发展支持和服务体系方面，要健全覆盖全人群、全生命周期的人口服务体系，完善生育支持政策体系和激励机制，推动建设生育友好型社会，完善发展养老事业和养老产业政策机制。
In terms of improving the systems for supporting population development and providing related services, we must provide full life-cycle population services to all in order to promote high-quality population development, refine the policy system and incentive mechanisms for boosting the birth rate, work to build a pro-childbirth society, and enhance policies and mechanisms for developing elderly care programs and industries.
深化生态文明体制改革。
We must deepen reform in ecological conservation
中国式现代化是人与自然和谐共生的现代化。
Chinese modernization is the modernization of harmony between humanity and nature.
强调要加快经济社会发展全面绿色转型，部署完善生态文明基础体制、健全生态环境治理体系、健全绿色低碳发展机制等重点任务，完善生态文明制度体系。
We need to ramp up the green transition in all areas of economic and social development by improving the basic systems for ecological conservation, environmental governance systems, and the mechanisms for green and low-carbon development, enhancing our ecological conservation systems.
要实施支持绿色低碳发展的财税、金融、投资、价格政策和标准体系，加快规划建设新型能源体系，建立能耗双控向碳排放双控全面转型机制。
We must implement fiscal, tax, financial, investment and pricing policies as well as standards to support green and low-carbon development, accelerate the planning and development of a new type of energy system, and put in place new mechanisms to facilitate the transition from controlling the total amount and intensity of energy consumption to controlling the total amount and intensity of carbon emissions.
要构建碳排放统计核算体系、产品碳标识认证制度、产品碳足迹管理体系，健全碳市场交易制度、温室气体自愿减排交易制度，为积极稳妥推进碳达峰碳中和、创造绿色低碳发展新优势提供有力的体制保障。
To create the safeguards needed to advance actively yet prudently toward reaching peak carbon emissions and carbon neutrality and develop new strengths in green and low-carbon development, we need to establish a carbon emissions statistics and accounting system, a carbon labeling and certification system, as well as a carbon footprint management system and improve the cap-and-trade system for carbon emissions and the trading system for voluntary greenhouse gas emissions reduction.
中文编辑：郝遥
英文编辑：李晓琼
审校：张娴 衣小伟
监制：李达 李振通